A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/URI.php
Line Number: 101
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Router.php
Line Number: 127
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 78
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 396
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated
Filename: database/DB_driver.php
Line Number: 371
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 132
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 292
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 166
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 235
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 315
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 356
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 282
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 289
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 304
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 314
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 315
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 316
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 317
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 375
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 108
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 110
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1283
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$form_validation is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1283
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$m_data is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 358
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 11
Function: model
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$form_validation is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$m_data is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 931
Backtrace:
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view
File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
alf-printing Digital-Printing dan Media Pembelajaran
Cepat, Berkualitas, dan Terjangkau
Indonesia
Penjelasan Lengkap Kode Python: Demo Algoritma Sorting & Searching (Tkinter)
Ringkasan Program Aplikasi GUI sederhana untuk mendemonstrasikan sorting (Bubble, Selection, Insertion, Merge) dan searching (Linear, Binary). Pengguna memasukkan daftar angka, memilih algoritma, lalu melihat step-by-step prosesnya di Listbox.
import random
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox, ttkImport modul standar: random (membuat data acak) dan tkinter untuk antarmuka grafis (messagebox & ttk untuk widget bergaya modern).
Deklarasi Fungsi Sorting bubble_sort(data)Parameter: data (list angka)Nilai balik: (arr, steps) — arr hasil terurut, steps daftar snapshot setiap pertukaranInti: Menukar pasangan elemen berurutan jika terbalik; berhenti dini jika tidak ada pertukaran.Kompleksitas: Waktu O(n²) terburuk/rata‑rata; terbaik O(n) bila sudah hampir terurut. Ruang O(1) selain steps.def bubble_sort(data):
arr = data[:] # salinan agar input asli tidak berubah
steps = [arr[:]] # simpan snapshot awal
n = len(arr)
for i in range(n):
swapped = False
for j in range(0, n - i - 1):
if arr[j] > arr[j + 1]:
arr[j], arr[j + 1] = arr[j + 1], arr[j]
steps.append(arr[:])
swapped = True
if not swapped: # optimasi: berhenti jika sudah terurut
break
return arr, stepsselection_sort(data)Ide: Di setiap iterasi, pilih elemen terkecil dari sisa array lalu tukar ke posisi i.Kompleksitas: Waktu O(n²) selalu; ruang O(1) selain steps.def selection_sort(data):
arr = data[:]
steps = [arr[:]]
n = len(arr)
for i in range(n):
min_idx = i
for j in range(i + 1, n):
if arr[j] < arr[min_idx]:
min_idx = j
if min_idx != i:
arr[i], arr[min_idx] = arr[min_idx], arr[i]
steps.append(arr[:])
return arr, stepsinsertion_sort(data)Ide: Sisipkan elemen ke posisi yang benar di bagian kiri yang sudah terurut.Kompleksitas: O(n²) terburuk/rata‑rata; O(n) terbaik (data hampir terurut).def insertion_sort(data):
arr = data[:]
steps = [arr[:]]
for i in range(1, len(arr)):
key = arr[i]
j = i - 1
while j >= 0 and arr[j] > key:
arr[j + 1] = arr[j]
j -= 1
arr[j + 1] = key
steps.append(arr[:])
return arr, stepsmerge_sort(data)Ide: Divide & Conquer — belah array, urutkan tiap bagian, lalu gabungkan.Kompleksitas: Waktu O(n log n); ruang O(n) untuk array bantu.Catatan: Fungsi _sort dibuat di dalam untuk menyimpan status ke steps dan memperbarui array utama.def merge_sort(data):
arr = data[:]
steps = [arr[:]]
def _sort(chunk, offset):
if len(chunk) <= 1:
return chunk
mid = len(chunk) // 2
left = _sort(chunk[:mid], offset)
right = _sort(chunk[mid:], offset + mid)
merged, i, j = [], 0, 0
while i < len(left) and j < len(right):
if left[i] <= right[j]:
merged.append(left[i]); i += 1
else:
merged.append(right[j]); j += 1
merged.extend(left[i:]); merged.extend(right[j:])
arr[offset: offset + len(merged)] = merged
steps.append(arr[:])
return merged
_sort(arr[:], 0)
return arr, stepsDeklarasi Fungsi Searching linear_search(data, target)Ide: Telusuri elemen satu per satu sampai ketemu.Keluaran: (index, steps) — indeks atau -1 jika tidak ada; steps berisi narasi proses.Kompleksitas: O(n) waktu, O(1) ruang.def linear_search(data, target):
steps = []
for index, value in enumerate(data):
steps.append(f"Bandingkan indeks {index}: nilai {value}")
if value == target:
steps.append(f"Ditemukan pada indeks {index}.")
return index, steps
steps.append("Elemen tidak ditemukan.")
return -1, stepsbinary_search(data, target)Prasyarat: Data harus terurut; kode ini mengurutkan salinan terlebih dahulu .Keluaran: (index, sorted_data, steps) — indeks pada data terurut (atau -1), salinan data terurut, dan langkah.Kompleksitas: O(log n) untuk pencarian; ada biaya O(n log n) untuk pengurutan awal.def binary_search(data, target):
sorted_data = sorted(data)
steps = [f"Data terurut: {sorted_data}"]
left, right = 0, len(sorted_data) - 1
while left <= right:
mid = (left + right) // 2
steps.append(
f"Periksa indeks {mid} (nilai {sorted_data[mid]}), rentang [{left}, {right}]"
)
if sorted_data[mid] == target:
steps.append(f"Ditemukan pada indeks {mid} pada data terurut.")
return mid, sorted_data, steps
if sorted_data[mid] < target:
left = mid + 1
else:
right = mid - 1
steps.append("Elemen tidak ditemukan.")
return -1, sorted_data, stepsKelas GUI: SortingApp Mengelola jendela, state, serta interaksi pengguna.
class SortingApp:
def __init__(self):
self.root = tk.Tk()
self.root.title("Demo Algoritma Sorting")
self.root.geometry("640x480")
# State aplikasi (variabel Tkinter)
self.numbers_var = tk.StringVar()
self.algorithm_var = tk.StringVar(value="Bubble Sort")
self.search_target_var = tk.StringVar()
self.search_algorithm_var = tk.StringVar(value="Linear Search")
self.sorted_var = tk.StringVar(value="Hasil: -")
self.status_var = tk.StringVar(value="Masukkan angka lalu pilih algoritma untuk mengurutkan.")
# Peta nama->fungsi untuk sorting & searching
self.algorithms = {
"Bubble Sort": bubble_sort,
"Selection Sort (Linear)": selection_sort,
"Insertion Sort": insertion_sort,
"Merge Sort": merge_sort,
}
self.search_algorithms = {
"Linear Search": linear_search,
"Binary Search": binary_search,
}
self._build_ui() # konstruksi layout
self.root : jendela utama Tkinter.StringVar : pembungkus nilai teks yang otomatis menyinkronkan UI.self.algorithms & self.search_algorithms : dictionary untuk memilih fungsi berdasarkan nama yang dipilih pengguna._build_ui(self)Membuat struktur antarmuka: frame input, kontrol algoritma, panel pencarian, panel hasil, dan list langkah.
def _build_ui(self):
main_frame = ttk.Frame(self.root, padding=20)
# ... (membangun Entry, Button, Combobox, Listbox, Scrollbar)
# tombol: Acak Data, Bersihkan, Urutkan, Cari
# combobox: pilih algoritma sorting & searching
# listbox: menampilkan steps proses
Utilitas & Event Handler _generate_random_data: membuat 10 angka acak 0‑99 lalu mengisi Entry._clear_input: mengosongkan input, target, langkah, dan reset status._parse_numbers: memvalidasi input (spasi/koma), mengonversi ke list[int], dan melempar ValueError jika salah._perform_sort: mengambil algoritma dari Combobox, memanggil fungsi, menampilkan langkah dan hasil._display_steps: merender daftar snapshot/langkah ke Listbox._perform_search: menjalankan Linear/Binary Search dan menampilkan narasi langkah.run: menjalankan mainloop() Tkinter.Cuplikan fungsi utilitas def _parse_numbers(self):
raw = self.numbers_var.get()
tokens = [t for t in raw.replace(","," ").split(" ") if t]
if not tokens:
raise ValueError("Mohon isi data terlebih dahulu.")
try:
return [int(t) for t in tokens]
except ValueError as exc:
raise ValueError("Gunakan angka bulat saja.") from exc
def _perform_sort(self):
try:
numbers = self._parse_numbers()
except ValueError as e:
messagebox.showerror("Input tidak valid", str(e)); return
sorter = self.algorithms.get(self.algorithm_var.get())
sorted_numbers, steps = sorter(numbers)
self._display_steps(steps)
self.sorted_var.set("Hasil: " + " ".join(map(str, sorted_numbers)))
def _perform_search(self):
# validasi input & target, pilih algoritma
if self.search_algorithm_var.get() == "Binary Search":
index, sorted_numbers, steps = binary_search(numbers, target)
# tampilkan steps & hasil
else:
index, steps = linear_search(numbers, target)
Kompleksitas Waktu & Ruang (Ringkas) Algoritma Terbaik Rata‑rata Terburuk Ruang Bubble Sort O(n) O(n²) O(n²) O(1) + steps Selection Sort O(n²) O(n²) O(n²) O(1) + steps Insertion Sort O(n) O(n²) O(n²) O(1) + steps Merge Sort O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n) + steps Linear Search — O(n) O(n) O(1) Binary Search* O(log n) O(log n) O(log n) O(1)
*Pada implementasi ini ada biaya tambahan O(n log n) untuk mengurutkan salinan data sebelum pencarian.
Cara Menjalankan Pastikan Python 3.x terpasang. Simpan kode sebagai app.py. Jalankan: python app.py Catatan: Aplikasi menggunakan modul standar, tidak memerlukan instalasi pihak ketiga.
FAQ Mengapa steps menyimpan salinan array (arr[:])? Agar setiap snapshot tidak berubah ketika array utama berubah di langkah selanjutnya; ini penting untuk visualisasi riwayat.
Mengapa Binary Search mengurutkan data dulu? Karena syarat Binary Search adalah data terurut. Implementasi ini menjaga input asli, lalu mengembalikan juga salinan data terurut sebagai referensi.
Blok Program Utama if __name__ == "__main__":
app = SortingApp()
app.run()Menjamin kode hanya menjalankan GUI ketika file dieksekusi langsung, bukan saat diimpor sebagai modul.
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