A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/URI.php

Line Number: 101

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Router.php

Line Number: 127

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 78

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 396

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated

Filename: database/DB_driver.php

Line Number: 371

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 132

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 292

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 166

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 235

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 315

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 356

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 282

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 289

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 304

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 314

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 315

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 316

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 317

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 375

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 108

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 110

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 143

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$form_validation is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Welcome::$m_data is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 11
Function: model

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$form_validation is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$m_data is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/application/controllers/Welcome.php
Line: 187
Function: view

File: /home/alfe6346/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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SISTEM OPERASI

SISTEM OPERASI


Sistem operasi adalah perangkat lunak yang mengelola perangkat keras komputer dan menyediakan layanan bagi perangkat lunak aplikasi. Sistem operasi bertindak sebagai perantara antara pengguna dan perangkat keras komputer, memastikan bahwa sumber daya komputer digunakan secara efisien dan memungkinkan berbagai aplikasi berjalan dengan lancar.

Fungsi utama sistem operasi :

  1. Manajemen Proses – Mengatur eksekusi program, alokasi CPU, dan multitasking.
  2. Manajemen Memori – Mengatur penggunaan memori utama dan virtual.
  3. Manajemen Penyimpanan – Mengelola sistem file dan akses ke media penyimpanan.
  4. Manajemen Perangkat I/O – Mengontrol input dan output perangkat keras seperti keyboard, mouse, printer, dll.
  5. Manajemen Keamanan – Menyediakan mekanisme perlindungan data dan akses pengguna.
  6. Manajemen Jaringan – Memungkinkan komunikasi antara perangkat melalui jaringan.
  7. User Interface – Memberikan antarmuka bagi pengguna, baik berbasis teks (CLI) maupun grafis (GUI).

Perkembangan teknologi sistem operasi (OS) :

1.     Generasi Pertama (1940-an hingga awal 1950-an): Komputasi Manual

Batch Processing: Program dijalankan secara berurutan (batch), tanpa interaksi langsung dari pengguna.

2.     Multiprogramming dan Multitasking (1960-an)

            Sistem Operasi Unix mulai dikembangkan oleh AT&T Bell Labs, yang menjadi fondasi banyak sistem operasi modern.

3.     Sistem Operasi Jaringan (1980-an)

MS-DOS dari Microsoft dan Mac OS dari Apple menjadi populer untuk komputer pribadi.

4.     Era GUI dan Pengguna Rumahan (1990-an)

Microsoft memperkenalkan Windows 3.1 dan Windows 95 yang membawa antarmuka grafis (GUI) lebih intuitif bagi pengguna serta Linux dikembangkan sebagai sistem operasi open-source berbasis Unix, memberikan alternatif gratis dan fleksibel.

5.       Sistem Operasi Modern dan Mobile (2000-an)

Windows XP menjadi salah satu OS paling populer untuk PC.Mac OS X memperkenalkan antarmuka dan fitur modern untuk pengguna Mac. Android dan iOS muncul sebagai OS mobile, memicu perkembangan perangkat mobile yang semakin pesat.

6.     Era Cloud dan Virtualisasi (2010-an)

Teknologi cloud computing memungkinkan komputasi yang lebih fleksibel, di mana data dan aplikasi dapat diakses melalui internet. Virtualisasi memungkinkan beberapa OS berjalan pada satu mesin fisik, membuat komputasi awan lebih efisien. Windows 10, macOS, Linux, dan Android terus mengalami pembaruan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan keamanan, kompatibilitas, dan aksesibilitas.

7.     Tren Masa Kini (2020-an)

Kemajuan AI dan IoT (Internet of Things) mendorong pengembangan OS yang mampu mengelola perangkat pintar dan otomatisasi. Windows 11 hadir dengan dukungan yang lebih baik untuk produktivitas dan kompatibilitas aplikasi Android. Sistem operasi mobile semakin kuat dengan AI dan pembelajaran mesin, memberikan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih personal dan cerdas.

Setiap dekade menunjukkan perkembangan besar yang dipicu oleh kebutuhan teknologi dan perubahan perilaku pengguna, dari sistem operasi yang hanya berbasis teks hingga OS modern yang mendukung grafis, jaringan, dan kecerdasan buatan.

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